1. Mechanical Properties na karfe
1. Matsayin Haɓakawa (σs)
Lokacin da aka shimfiɗa karfe ko samfurin, lokacin da damuwa ya wuce iyaka na roba, koda kuwa damuwa ba ta karu ba, karfe ko samfurin har yanzu yana ci gaba da fuskantar nakasar filastik.Ana kiran wannan al'amari mai ban sha'awa, kuma mafi ƙarancin ƙimar damuwa lokacin da samar da albarkatu ke faruwa shine ga abin da ake samu.Bari Ps ya zama ƙarfin waje a wurin samar da amfanin ƙasa s, kuma Fo ya zama yanki na yanki na samfurin, sa'an nan kuma ma'anar yawan amfanin ƙasa σs = Ps/Fo(MPa).
2. Ƙarfin Haɓaka (σ0.2)
Ma'anar yawan amfanin ƙasa na wasu kayan ƙarfe ba su da kyau sosai, kuma yana da wuyar aunawa.Saboda haka, domin auna yawan amfanin ƙasa na kayan, damuwa lokacin da ragowar nakasar filastik ta zama daidai da wani ƙima (gaba ɗaya 0.2% na tsawon asali) an ƙayyade, wanda ake kira yanayin.Samar da ƙarfi ko kawai samar da ƙarfi σ0.2.
3. Ƙarfin ƙarfi (σb)
Matsakaicin ƙimar damuwa da kayan da aka samu daga farkon zuwa lokacin fashewa yayin aikin shimfidawa.Yana wakiltar ƙarfin ƙarfe don tsayayya da karaya.Daidai da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi shine ƙarfin matsawa, ƙarfin sassauƙa, da dai sauransu Bari Pb ya zama matsakaicin iyakar ƙarfin da aka kai kafin abu ya karye, kuma Fo ya zama yanki na yanki na samfurin, sa'an nan kuma ƙarfin ƙarfin σb = Pb / Fo (MPa) ).
4. Tsawaitawa (δs)
Bayan da kayan ya karye, yawan adadin filastik ɗin sa zuwa tsayin samfurin asali ana kiransa elongation ko elongation.
5. Rarraba yawan amfanin ƙasa (σs/σb)
Matsakaicin ma'aunin yawan amfanin ƙasa (ƙarfin amfanin ƙasa) na ƙarfe zuwa ƙarfin ɗaure ana kiransa rabon amfanin ƙasa.Mafi girman rabon amfanin ƙasa, mafi girman amincin sassan tsarin.Gabaɗaya, yawan amfanin ƙasa na carbon karfe shine 0.6-0.65, na ƙarancin tsarin ƙarfe shine 0.65-0.75, kuma na gami tsarin ƙarfe shine 0.84-0.86.
6. Tauri
Taurin yana nuna iyawar abu don ƙin danna abu mai wuya a samansa.Yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman alamun aiki na kayan ƙarfe.Gabaɗaya, mafi girman taurin, mafi kyawun juriya na lalacewa.Alamomin taurin da aka saba amfani da su sune taurin Brinell, taurin Rockwell da taurin Vickers.
1) Brinell hardness (HB)
Latsa ƙwallon ƙarfe mai tauri na ƙayyadaddun girman (yawanci 10mm a diamita) cikin saman kayan tare da wani kaya (gaba ɗaya 3000kg) kuma ajiye shi na ɗan lokaci.Bayan an cire lodin, rabon kaya zuwa wurin da ake ciki shine ƙimar taurin Brinell (HB).
2) Rockwell hardness (HR)
Lokacin da HB>450 ko samfurin ya yi ƙanƙanta, ba za a iya amfani da gwajin taurin Brinell ba kuma yakamata a yi amfani da ma'aunin taurin Rockwell maimakon.Yana amfani da mazugi na lu'u-lu'u tare da kusurwar tsaye na 120 ° ko ƙwallon ƙarfe mai diamita na 1.59mm da 3.18mm don danna cikin saman kayan da za a gwada a ƙarƙashin wani nauyin kaya, kuma ana samun taurin kayan daga. zurfin ciki.Dangane da taurin kayan gwajin, ana iya bayyana shi a cikin ma'auni daban-daban guda uku:
HRA: Ita ce taurin da aka samu ta amfani da kaya mai nauyin kilogiram 60 da kuma indenment na mazugi na lu'u-lu'u, kuma ana amfani da shi don kayan da ke da taurin gaske (kamar siminti carbide, da sauransu).
HRB: Ita ce taurin da aka samu ta hanyar amfani da nauyin 100kg da ƙwallon ƙarfe mai taurin tare da diamita na 1.58mm.Ana amfani da shi don kayan da ke da ƙananan taurin (kamar ƙarfe da aka cire, simintin ƙarfe, da sauransu).
HRC: Ita ce taurin da aka samu ta hanyar amfani da kaya mai nauyin kilogiram 150 da na'urar lu'u lu'u lu'u-lu'u, kuma ana amfani da ita don kayan da ke da tauri mai tsayi (kamar taurin karfe, da sauransu).
3) Vickers hardness (HV)
Yi amfani da mazugi mai murabba'in lu'u-lu'u tare da nauyin ƙasa da 120kg da kusurwar tsaye na 136 ° don danna cikin saman kayan, kuma raba saman saman ramin shigar da ƙimar kaya don samun ƙimar taurin Vickers (HV). ).
2. Karfe da ba na tafe ba
1. Karfe
Yana nufin haɗakar ƙarfe da ƙarfe.Irin su karfe, ƙarfe na alade, ferroalloy, simintin ƙarfe, da dai sauransu. Dukansu ƙarfe da baƙin ƙarfe na alade sun dogara ne akan ƙarfe tare da carbon a matsayin babban nau'in ƙari, tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙarfe-carbon gami.
Iron alade yana nufin samfurin da aka yi ta hanyar narkar da tama a cikin tanderun fashewa, wanda aka fi amfani da shi don yin ƙarfe da simintin gyare-gyare.
Narke baƙin ƙarfe a cikin tanderun narkewar ƙarfe don samun simintin ƙarfe (ruwa baƙin ƙarfe-carbon gami tare da abun ciki na carbon fiye da 2.11%), da jefar da ruwa da aka jefa baƙin ƙarfe cikin simintin gyare-gyare, irin wannan nau'in baƙin ƙarfe ana kiransa simintin ƙarfe.
Ferroalloy wani abu ne wanda ya hada da baƙin ƙarfe, silicon, manganese, chromium, titanium da sauran abubuwa.Ferroalloy yana daya daga cikin kayan da ake amfani da su don yin karfe.Ana amfani da shi azaman deoxidizer da ƙari ga ƙarfe don ƙarfe yayin yin ƙarfe.
Iron-carbon alloys tare da abun ciki na carbon da bai wuce 2.11% ana kiransa karfe, kuma ana samun ƙarfe ta hanyar sanya ƙarfe na alade don yin ƙarfe a cikin tanderun ƙarfe da narke shi bisa ga wani tsari.Kayayyakin ƙarfe sun haɗa da ingots na ƙarfe, ci gaba da ɗorawa simintin simintin gyare-gyare da kuma yin simintin ƙarfe kai tsaye zuwa simintin ƙarfe daban-daban.Gabaɗaya magana, ƙarfe gabaɗaya yana nufin ƙarfe da aka yi birgima cikin samfuran ƙarfe daban-daban.
2. Karfe marasa ƙarfe
Har ila yau, an san shi da ƙarancin ƙarfe, yana nufin karafa da kayan aiki banda ƙarfe na ƙarfe, irin su jan karfe, tin, gubar, zinc, aluminum, da tagulla, tagulla, alloy na aluminum, da kayan aiki masu ɗaukar nauyi.Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, titanium, da dai sauransu a masana'antu.Ana amfani da waɗannan karafa galibi azaman ƙari don haɓaka aikin ƙarfe.Daga cikin su, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, da dai sauransu ana amfani da su don samar da wukake.gami da karfi.Karfe na sama wadanda ba na tafe ba ana kiransu karfen masana'antu, ban da karafa masu daraja: platinum, zinare, azurfa, da sauransu da karafa da ba kasafai ba, wadanda suka hada da uranium radioactive, radium, da sauransu.
3. Rarraba karfe
Baya ga ƙarfe da carbon, manyan abubuwan ƙarfe sun haɗa da silicon, manganese, sulfur da phosphorus.
Akwai hanyoyin rarraba karfe iri-iri, kuma manyan hanyoyin sune kamar haka:
1. Rarraba ta inganci
(1) Karfe na yau da kullun (P≤0.045%, S≤0.050%)
(2) Karfe mai inganci (duka P da S≤0.035%)
(3) Karfe mai inganci (P≤0.035%, S≤0.030%)
2. Rarraba ta hanyar sinadaran sinadaran
(1) Karfe Karfe: a.Ƙananan karfe na carbon (C≤0.25%);b.Matsakaicin karfen carbon (C≤0.25～0.60%);c.Babban karfen carbon (C≤0.60%).
(2) Karfe: a.Low alloy karfe (jimlar abun ciki na alloying abubuwa ≤ 5%);b.Matsakaici gami karfe (jimlar abun ciki na alloying abubuwa> 5-10%);c.High gami karfe (jimlar abun ciki na alloying abubuwa> 10% %).
3. Rarraba ta hanyar kafa
(1) karfen karfe;(2) simintin ƙarfe;(3) karfe mai zafi;(4) Karfe mai sanyi.
4. Rarraba bisa ga tsarin metallographic
(1) Halin da ake ciki: a.hypoeutectoid karfe (ferrite + pearlite);b.eutectoid karfe (pearlite);c.hypereutectoid karfe (pearlite + cementite);d.Tensitic karfe (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Matsayin al'ada: a.karfe na lu'u-lu'u;b.karfe bainite;c.karfe martensitic;d.karfe austenitic.
(3) Babu wani canji na lokaci ko canji na juzu'i
5. Rarraba da manufa
(1) Karfe don gini da injiniya: a.Carbon tsarin karfe na yau da kullun;b.Low gami tsarin karfe;c.Karfe mai ƙarfi.
(2) Tsarin Karfe:
a.Karfe don kera injuna: (a) Ƙarfe mai ƙarfi da zafin jiki;(b) Ƙarfe mai ƙyalƙyali: wanda ya haɗa da ƙarfe na carburizing, ammonium karfe, da ƙarfe mai taurara;(c) Ƙarfe tsarin sassauƙa;(d) Karfe mai sanyi don kafawa: gami da karfe don tambarin sanyi da karfe don taken sanyi.
b.Karfe na bazara
c.Ƙarfe mai ɗaukar nauyi
(3) Karfe na kayan aiki: a.carbon kayan aiki karfe;b.gami kayan aiki karfe;c.high-gudun kayan aiki karfe.
(4) Karfe na musamman: a.Bakin karfe mai jure acid;b.Heat-resistant karfe: ciki har da anti-oxidation karfe, zafi-ƙarfi karfe, bawul karfe;c.Electric dumama gami karfe;d.Karfe mai juriya;e.Ƙarfin ƙananan zafin jiki;f.Karfe na lantarki.
(5) Karfe don amfani da sana'a-kamar karfe don gadoji, karfe don jiragen ruwa, karfe don tukunyar jirgi, karfe don matsi, karfe don injinan noma, da dai sauransu.
6. M rarrabuwa
(1) Karfe na yau da kullun
a.Karfe tsarin Carbon: (a) Q195;(b) Q215 (A, B);(c) Q235 (A, B, C);(d) Q255 (A, B);(e) Q275.
b.Low gami tsarin karfe
c.Tsarin ƙarfe na yau da kullun don takamaiman dalilai
(2) Karfe mai inganci (ciki har da karfe mai inganci mai inganci)
a.Ƙarfe na Tsarin: (a) Ƙarfe mai inganci mai inganci;(b) gami da tsarin karfe;(c) Karfe na bazara;(d) Karfe-yanke kyauta;(e) Ƙarfe mai ɗaukar nauyi;(f) Ƙarfe mai inganci don takamaiman dalilai.
b.Kayan aiki karfe: (a) carbon kayan aiki karfe;(b) kayan aikin alloy karfe;(c) karfen kayan aiki mai sauri.
c.Ƙarfe na aiki na musamman: (a) ƙarfe mai jure acid;(b) karfe mai jure zafi;(c) lantarki dumama gami karfe;(d) karfen lantarki;(e) Karfe mai juriya da manganese.
7. Rarrabe ta hanyar narkewa
(1) Dangane da nau'in murhu
a.Karfe mai canzawa: (a) Karfe mai canza acid;(b) Karfe mai juyi na asali.Ko (a) Karfe mai jujjuyawar ƙasa;(b) Karfe mai jujjuyawar gefe;(c) Karfe mai jujjuyawar sama.
b.Lantarki tanderu karfe: (a) lantarki baka tanderu karfe;(b) electroslag tanderu karfe;(c) Ƙarfe tanderu;(d) karfen tanderu mai amfani da wuta;(e) Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na lantarki.
(2) Dangane da matakin deoxidation da tsarin zubowa
a.Tafasa karfe;b.Karfe-kashe;c.Karfe da aka kashe;d.Karfe na musamman da aka kashe.
4. Bayanin hanyoyin wakilcin matakin ƙarfe na ƙasata
Alamar darajar samfurin gabaɗaya ana nuna ta ta hanyar haɗin haruffan pinyin na Sinanci, alamomin sinadarai da lambobin Larabci.A yanzu:
① Abubuwan sinadaran da ke cikin makin karfe suna wakiltar alamomin sinadarai na duniya, kamar Si, Mn, Cr… da sauransu.Abubuwan da ba kasafai suke gauraya duniya suna wakilta da “RE” (ko “Xt”).
② Sunan samfur, amfani, narkewa da hanyoyin zubowa, da sauransu gabaɗaya ana wakilta ta da gajerun haruffa na Pinyin na Sinanci.
③Babban abun ciki na sinadari (%) a cikin karfe ana wakilta ta da lambobin larabci.
Lokacin da aka yi amfani da haruffan furucin Sinanci don nuna sunan samfurin, amfani, halaye da hanyoyin sarrafawa, ana zaɓar harafin farko gabaɗaya daga haruffan furucin Sinanci mai wakiltar sunan samfurin.Lokacin da aka maimaita tare da harafin da wani samfurin ya zaɓa, za a iya amfani da harafi na biyu ko na uku maimakon haka, ko kuma za a iya zaɓar harafin pinyin na farko na haruffan Sinanci guda biyu a lokaci guda.
Idan babu haruffan Sinanci da pinyin da ke akwai na yanzu, alamun da ake amfani da su haruffa ne na Ingilishi.
Biyar, yanki na hanyar wakilcin matakan ƙarfe a cikin ƙasata
1. Zayyana Hanyar carbon tsarin karfe da low-alloy high-ƙarfi tsarin karfe
Karfe da ake amfani da shi a sama yawanci ana kasu kashi biyu: karfe na gaba daya da karfe na musamman.Hanyar nuna darajar ta ƙunshi haruffan pinyin na Sinanci na ma'anar yawan amfanin ƙasa ko ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfe, ƙimar ƙimar yawan amfanin ƙasa ko ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa, ƙimar ingancin ƙarfe, da matakin deoxidation na karfe, wanda a zahiri ya ƙunshi sassa 4.
① Ƙarfe na tsarin gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar harafin pinyin "Q" yana wakiltar ma'anar yawan amfanin ƙasa.Ƙimar ma'aunin ƙima (naúrar MPa) da ingantattun maki (A, B, C, D, E) da hanyar deoxidation (F, b, Z, TZ) da sauran alamomin da aka ƙayyade a cikin Tebu 1 suna samar da daraja cikin tsari.Misali: an bayyana ma'aunin tsarin tsarin carbon kamar: Q235AF, Q235BZ;low-alloy high-ƙarfi tsarin karfe maki aka bayyana a matsayin: Q345C, Q345D.
Q235BZ yana nufin kashe tsarin ƙarfe na carbon tare da ƙimar ƙimar ƙimar ≥ 235MPa da ingancin sa B.
Maki biyu na Q235 da Q345 sune mafi yawan maki na ƙarfe na injiniya, maki mafi girma da samarwa da amfani, da maki mafi yawan amfani.Ana samun waɗannan maki biyu a kusan duk ƙasashe na duniya.
A cikin sa abun da ke ciki na carbon tsarin karfe za a iya tsallake alamar "Z" na kashe karfe da kuma alamar "TZ" na musamman da aka kashe karfe, misali: Q235 karfe tare da ingancin maki C da D bi da bi, da maki ya zama Q235CZ. da Q235DTZ, Amma ana iya barin shi azaman Q235C da Q235D.
Ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi mai ƙarancin ƙarfi ya haɗa da ƙarfe da aka kashe da ƙarfe na musamman da aka kashe, amma alamar da ke nuna hanyar deoxidation ba a ƙara a ƙarshen sa ba.
② Ƙarfe na musamman yana nuna gabaɗaya ta alamar "Q" wanda ke wakiltar ma'aunin ƙarfe na ƙarfe, ƙimar ƙimar da aka samu, da alamomin da ke wakiltar amfanin samfurin da aka ƙayyade a cikin Tebu 1, misali: an bayyana darajar ƙarfe don tasoshin matsa lamba. kamar "Q345R";An bayyana darajar karfen yanayi kamar Q340NH;Q295HP karfe maki don walda gas cylinders;Q390g karfe maki ga tukunyar jirgi;Q420q karfe maki ga gadoji.
③Bisa ga bukatu, nadi na janar-manufa low-alloy high-ƙarfi tsarin karfe kuma iya amfani da larabci lambobi biyu (yana nuna matsakaicin abun ciki na carbon, a sassa da dubu goma) da sinadarai alamomin, bayyana a cikin tsari;Ƙarfe na musamman mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na musamman Hakanan ana iya bayyana alamar alamar ta hanyar amfani da lambobin Larabci guda biyu (wanda ke nuna matsakaicin adadin carbon a cikin sassan kowane dubu goma), alamomin sinadarai, da wasu ƙayyadaddun alamomin da ke wakiltar amfani da samfur.
2. Hanyar wakiltar high quality-carbon tsarin karfe da high quality-carbon spring karfe
Ƙarfe mai inganci mai inganci yana ɗaukar haɗin haɗin lambobi biyu na Larabci (yana nuna matsakaicin adadin carbon cikin dubu goma) ko lambobin larabci da alamomin kashi.
① Don tafasasshen karfe da karfe na rabin-kisa, alamomin "F" da "b" ana ƙara su a ƙarshen sa.Misali, darajar karfen tafasa tare da matsakaicin abun ciki na carbon 0.08% an bayyana shi azaman "08F";An bayyana darajar karfe na rabin-kashe tare da matsakaicin abun ciki na carbon na 0.10% a matsayin "10b".
② Karfe da aka kashe (S, P≤0.035% bi da bi) gabaɗaya ba a yiwa alama alama ba.Misali: karfe da aka kashe tare da matsakaicin abun ciki na carbon na 0.45%, an bayyana darajar sa a matsayin "45" .
③ Don ingantattun ƙarfe na tsarin carbon tare da mafi girman abun ciki na manganese, ana ƙara alamar sigar manganese bayan lambobin larabci suna nuna matsakaicin abun cikin carbon.Misali: karfe mai matsakaicin abun ciki na carbon na 0.50% da abun ciki na manganese na 0.70% zuwa 1.00%, an bayyana darajarsa a matsayin "50Mn".
④ Don high-sa high quality carbon tsarin karfe (S, P≤0.030% bi da bi), ƙara alamar "A" bayan sa.Misali: Karfe mai inganci mai inganci mai inganci tare da matsakaicin abun ciki na carbon na 0.45%, an bayyana darajar sa a matsayin “45A”.
⑤Super-sa high quality carbon tsarin karfe (S≤0.020%, P≤0.025%), ƙara alamar "E" bayan sa.Misali: babban ingancin tsarin tsarin carbon tare da matsakaicin abun ciki na carbon na 0.45%, an bayyana darajar sa a matsayin "45E".
Hanyar wakiltar high quality-carbon spring karfe maki daidai yake da na high quality carbon tsarin karfe maki (65, 70, 85, 65Mn karfe wanzu a cikin duka matsayin GB/T1222 da GB/T699 bi da bi).
3. Zayyana Hanyar gami Tsarin karfe da gami spring karfe
① Makin tsarin ƙarfe na allo yana wakilta da lambobi na Larabci da daidaitattun alamomin sinadarai.
Yi amfani da lambobi biyu na Larabci don nuna matsakaicin abun ciki na carbon (a cikin sassa na dubu goma), kuma sanya shi a kan matakin.
Hanyar bayyana abubuwan abun ciki na alloy shine kamar haka: lokacin da matsakaicin abun ciki bai wuce 1.50% ba, kawai kashi yana nunawa a cikin alamar, kuma abun ciki gabaɗaya ba a nuna shi ba;Matsakaicin abun ciki na gami shine 1.50% ~ 2.49%, 2.50%～3.49%, 3.50%～4.49%, 4.50%～ 5.49%, …, wanda aka rubuta daidai da 2, 3, 4, 5…
Misali: matsakaicin abun ciki na carbon, chromium, manganese, da silicon sune 0.30%, 0.95%, 0.85%, da 1.05% na gami tsarin karfe.Lokacin da abun ciki na S da P shine ≤0.035%, ana bayyana darajar a matsayin "30CrMnSi".
High-sa high quality alloy tsarin karfe (S, P abun ciki ≤0.025% bi da bi), nuna ta ƙara alamar "A" a karshen sa.Misali: "30CrMnSiA".
Don ƙirar ƙirar gami mai inganci na musamman (S≤0.015%, P≤0.025%), ƙara alamar “E” a ƙarshen sa, misali: “30CrM nSiE”.
Don makin ƙarfe na musamman na gami, alamar da ke wakiltar amfanin samfur da aka ƙayyade a cikin Tebu 1 ya kamata a ƙara zuwa kai (ko wutsiya) na sa.Misali, karfe 30CrMnSi da aka yi amfani da shi musamman don rive screws, an bayyana lambar karfe a matsayin ML30CrMnSi.
②Hanyar wakilcin ma'auni na ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe mai ƙarfi iri ɗaya ne da na ƙirar ƙirar gami.
Misali: matsakaicin abun ciki na carbon, silicon, da manganese sune 0.60%, 1.75%, da 0.75% na ƙarfe na bazara, kuma an bayyana darajarsa a matsayin "60Si2Mn".Don ƙarfe mai inganci mai inganci, ƙara alamar “A” a ƙarshen sa, kuma an bayyana darajar sa a matsayin “60Si2MnA”.
4. Matsayin karfe na yanke kyauta
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Lokacin aikawa: Juni-21-2023
