Tare da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha da ci gaban tattalin arziki, ikon yin amfani da nitrogen yana haɓaka kowace rana, kuma ya shiga cikin sassan masana'antu da yawa da rayuwar yau da kullun.
Nitrogen shine babban bangaren iska, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 78% na iska. Elemental nitrogen N2 iskar gas mara launi da wari a ƙarƙashin yanayin al'ada. Yawan iskar gas a ƙarƙashin daidaitaccen jihar shine 1.25 g/l. Matsayin narkewa shine -210 ℃ kuma wurin tafasa shine -196 ℃. Liquid nitrogen shine firiji mai ƙarancin zafin jiki (-196 ℃).
A yau za mu gabatar da manyan hanyoyi da yawa don samar da nitrogen a gida da waje.
Akwai uku general masana'antu-sikelin nitrogen samar da hanyoyin: cryogenic iska rabuwa nitrogen samar, matsa lamba lilo adsorption nitrogen samar, da membrane rabuwa nitrogen samar.
Na farko: Cryogenic iska rabuwa hanyar samar da nitrogen
Cryogenic iska rabuwa samar da nitrogen hanya ce ta gargajiya ta samar da nitrogen tare da tarihin kusan shekaru da yawa. Yana amfani da iska a matsayin ɗanyen abu, yana matsawa da tsarkake shi, sannan yana amfani da musanyar zafi don sanya iska ta zama iska mai ruwa. Ruwan iska shine gauraye na ruwa oxygen da ruwa nitrogen. Ana amfani da wuraren tafasa daban-daban na iskar oxygen da ruwa nitrogen don raba su ta hanyar distillation na iska mai ruwa don samun nitrogen.
Abũbuwan amfãni: babban samar da iskar gas da high tsarki na samfurin nitrogen. Cryogenic nitrogen samar iya samar ba kawai nitrogen amma kuma ruwa nitrogen, wanda ya gana tsari bukatun na ruwa nitrogen da za a iya adana a cikin ruwa nitrogen ajiya tankuna. Lokacin da akwai ƙarancin ƙarancin nitrogen ko ƙaramin gyara kayan aikin rabuwar iska, nitrogen mai ruwa a cikin tankin ajiya ya shiga cikin vaporizer kuma yana mai zafi, sannan a tura shi zuwa bututun nitrogen don biyan buƙatun nitrogen na sashin tsari. Zagayowar aiki na samar da nitrogen na cryogenic (yana nufin tazara tsakanin manyan dumama guda biyu) gabaɗaya ya fi shekara 1, don haka samar da nitrogen na cryogenic gabaɗaya ba a ɗaukarsa azaman jiran aiki.
Rashin hasara: samar da nitrogen na Cryogenic zai iya samar da nitrogen tare da tsaftar ≧99.999%, amma ana iyakance tsaftar nitrogen ta wurin nauyin nitrogen, adadin trays, ingancin tire da tsabtar iskar oxygen a cikin iska mai ruwa, kuma yanayin daidaitawa kadan ne. Sabili da haka, don saitin kayan aikin samar da nitrogen na cryogenic, tsabtar samfurin yana da mahimmanci kuma bai dace ba don daidaitawa. Tun lokacin da ake aiwatar da hanyar cryogenic a matsanancin yanayin zafi, kayan aikin dole ne su kasance da tsarin fara sanyaya kafin a saka shi cikin aiki na yau da kullun. Lokacin farawa, wato, lokacin daga farkon mai faɗakarwa zuwa lokacin da tsarkin nitrogen ya kai ga abin da ake bukata, gabaɗaya bai wuce sa'o'i 12 ba; kafin kayan aiki su shiga cikin overhaul, dole ne ya sami lokacin dumama da narkewa, gabaɗaya sa'o'i 24. Sabili da haka, kada a fara kayan aikin samar da nitrogen na cryogenic kuma a dakatar da su akai-akai, kuma yana da kyau a ci gaba da aiki na dogon lokaci.
Bugu da kari, tsarin cryogenic yana da rikitarwa, yana mamaye babban yanki, yana da tsadar kayan more rayuwa, yana buƙatar sojojin kiyayewa na musamman, yana da adadin masu aiki da yawa, kuma yana samar da iskar gas a hankali (18 zuwa 24 hours). Ya dace da samar da nitrogen mai girma na masana'antu.
Na biyu: Matsakaicin Adsorption Swing (PSA) Hanyar Samar da Nitrogen
Matsa lamba Swing Adsorption (PSA) fasahar rabuwar iskar gas wani muhimmin reshe ne na fasahar rabuwar iskar gas maras-cryogenic. Sakamakon ƙoƙarin mutane na dogon lokaci don nemo hanyar rabuwar iska mafi sauƙi fiye da hanyar cryogenic.
A cikin shekarun 1970s, Kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Yammacin Jamus Essen ya sami nasarar kera sieves na kwayoyin halitta na carbon, wanda ya ba da hanya ga masana'antu na samar da iska na PSA na samar da nitrogen. A cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, wannan fasaha ta haɓaka cikin sauri kuma ta girma. Ya zama mai karfi mai fafatawa na rabuwar iska na cryogenic a fagen samar da kananan da matsakaici na nitrogen.
Matsakaicin motsi adsorption samar da nitrogen yana amfani da iska azaman albarkatun ƙasa da kuma sieve kwayoyin carbon a matsayin adsorbent. Yana amfani da halaye na carbon kwayoyin sieve ta zaba adsorption na oxygen da nitrogen a cikin iska, da kuma amfani da ka'idar matsa lamba lilo adsorption (matsa lamba adsorption, matsa lamba rage desorption da kwayoyin sieve farfadowa) don raba oxygen da nitrogen a dakin zafin jiki don samar da nitrogen.
Idan aka kwatanta da cryogenic iska rabuwa samar da nitrogen, matsa lamba lilo adsorption nitrogen samar yana da gagarumin abũbuwan amfãni: adsorption rabuwa ne da za'ayi a dakin zafin jiki, da tsari ne mai sauki, da kayan aiki ne m, sawun yana da ƙananan, yana da sauƙin farawa da tsayawa, shi yana farawa da sauri, samar da iskar gas yana da sauri (yawanci game da minti 30), yawan amfani da makamashi yana da ƙananan, farashin aiki yana da ƙasa, digiri na atomatik yana da girma, aiki da kulawa sun dace, shigarwa na skid ya dace, babu tushe na musamman. Ana buƙata, ana iya daidaita samfurin nitrogen mai tsabta a cikin wani takamaiman kewayon, kuma samar da nitrogen shine ≤3000Nm3 / h. Saboda haka, matsa lamba lilo adsorption nitrogen samar ne musamman dace da intermittent aiki.
Koyaya, ya zuwa yanzu, takwarorinsu na gida da na waje suna iya samar da nitrogen tare da tsaftar 99.9% (watau O2≤0.1%) ta amfani da fasahar samar da nitrogen ta PSA. Wasu kamfanoni na iya samar da 99.99% tsarkakakken nitrogen (O2≤0.01%). Tsabta mafi girma yana yiwuwa daga hangen nesa na fasahar samar da nitrogen ta PSA, amma farashin samarwa ya yi yawa kuma masu amfani ba za su iya yarda da shi ba. Don haka, yin amfani da fasahar samar da nitrogen ta PSA don samar da nitrogen mai tsafta dole ne kuma ya ƙara na'urar tsarkakewa bayan mataki.
Hanyar tsarkakewar Nitrogen (ma'aunin masana'antu)
(1) Hanyar deoxygenation na hydrogenation.
Karkashin aikin mai kara kuzari, ragowar iskar oxygen da ke cikin nitrogen yana amsawa tare da ƙara hydrogen don samar da ruwa, kuma tsarin amsawa shine: 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O. Sa'an nan kuma, an cire ruwan ta hanyar babban matsi na nitrogen compressor booster, da kuma high-tsarki nitrogen tare da wadannan manyan abubuwan da aka samu ta bayan bushewa: N2≥99.999%, O2≤5×10-6, H2≤1500× 10-6, H2O≤10.7×10-6. Farashin samar da nitrogen ya kai yuan 0.5/m3.
(2) Hydrogenation da deoxygenation Hanyar.
Wannan hanya ta kasu kashi uku: mataki na farko shi ne hydrogenation da deoxygenation, mataki na biyu shine dehydrogenation, mataki na uku kuma shine kawar da ruwa. Ana samun nitrogen mai tsabta tare da abubuwan da ke biyowa: N2 ≥ 99.999%, O2 ≤ 5 × 10-6, H2 ≤ 5 × 10-6, H2O ≤ 10.7 × 10-6. Farashin samar da nitrogen ya kai kusan yuan 0.6/m3.
(3) Hanyar iskar carbon.
Karkashin aikin mai kara kuzari mai goyan bayan carbon (a wani yanayin zafi), ragowar iskar oxygen a cikin nitrogen na yau da kullun yana amsawa tare da carbon da mai kara kuzari da kansa ya samar don samar da CO2. Tsarin amsawa: C + O2 = CO2. Bayan mataki na gaba na cire CO2 da H2O, ana samun nitrogen mai tsabta tare da abubuwan da ke biyowa: N2 ≥ 99.999%, O2 ≤ 5 × 10-6, CO2 ≤ 5 × 10-6, H2O ≤ 10.7 × 10-6. Farashin samar da nitrogen ya kai kusan yuan 0.6/m3.
Na uku: Rabewar membrane da samar da iskar nitrogen
Rabewar membrane da samar da iskar nitrogen shima sabon reshe ne na fasahar samar da nitrogen maras-cryogenic. Sabuwar hanyar samar da nitrogen ce wacce ta haɓaka cikin sauri a ƙasashen waje a cikin 1980s. An inganta shi kuma an yi amfani da shi a kasar Sin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Rabewar membrane samar da nitrogen yana amfani da iska azaman albarkatun ƙasa. Ƙarƙashin wani matsi, yana amfani da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na iskar oxygen da nitrogen a cikin ƙananan fiber membrane don raba oxygen da nitrogen don samar da nitrogen. Idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin samar da nitrogen na sama guda biyu, yana da halaye na tsarin kayan aiki mafi sauƙi, ƙarami ƙarami, babu bawul mai sauyawa, aiki mai sauƙi da kulawa, samar da iskar gas mai sauri (a cikin minti 3), kuma mafi dacewa da fadada iya aiki.
Duk da haka, ƙananan fiber membranes suna da ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatu akan tsabtar iska mai matsewa. Membran suna da saurin tsufa da gazawa, kuma suna da wahalar gyarawa. Ana buƙatar maye gurbin sababbin membranes.
Membrane rabuwa da samar da nitrogen ya fi dacewa ga ƙananan masu amfani da matsakaici tare da buƙatun tsabtace nitrogen na ≤98%, kuma yana da mafi kyawun aikin-farashin rabo a wannan lokacin; lokacin da ake buƙatar tsarkakewar nitrogen ya zama sama da 98%, yana da kusan 30% sama da na'urar samar da nitrogen ta matsa lamba. Sabili da haka, lokacin da aka samar da nitrogen mai tsabta ta hanyar haɗa nau'in samar da nitrogen na membrane rabuwa da na'urorin tsarkakewa na nitrogen, tsabtar nitrogen gabaɗaya shine 98%, wanda zai ƙara farashin samarwa da farashin aiki na na'urar tsarkakewa.
Lokacin aikawa: Yuli-24-2024
