Domin walda waya dauke da Si, Mn, S, P, Cr, Al, Ti, Mo, V da sauran alloying abubuwa. An bayyana tasirin waɗannan abubuwan alloying akan aikin walda a ƙasa:
Silicon (Si)
Silicon shine sinadarin deoxidizing da aka fi amfani dashi a cikin wayoyi na walda, yana iya hana ƙarfe daga haɗuwa da iskar shaka, kuma yana iya rage FeO a cikin narkakken tafkin. Duk da haka, idan silicon deoxidation da aka yi amfani da shi kadai, sakamakon SiO2 yana da babban narkewa (kimanin 1710 ° C), kuma sakamakon barbashi ne kananan, sa shi da wuya a iyo daga cikin narkakkar pool, wanda zai iya sauƙi sa slag inclusions a cikin. weld karfe.
Manganese (Mn)
Tasirin manganese yana kama da na silicon, amma ikonsa na deoxidation ya ɗan yi muni fiye da na silicon. Yin amfani da deoxidation na manganese kadai, MnO da aka samar yana da mafi girma (15.11g/cm3), kuma ba shi da sauƙi a shawagi daga cikin narkakken tafkin. Manganese da ke cikin wayar walda, baya ga deoxidation, kuma yana iya haɗawa da sulfur don samar da manganese sulfide (MnS), kuma a cire shi (desulfurization), don haka yana iya rage yanayin fashewar zafi da sulfur ke haifarwa. Tun da silicon da manganese ana amfani da su kadai don deoxidation, yana da wuya a cire kayan da aka lalata. Sabili da haka, ana amfani da deoxidation na haɗin gwiwar silicon-manganese mafi yawa a halin yanzu, ta yadda SiO2 da MnO da aka samar za a iya haɗa su cikin silicate (MnO·SiO2). MnO · SiO2 yana da ƙarancin narkewa (kimanin 1270 ° C) da ƙarancin yawa (kimanin 3.6g/cm3), kuma yana iya tattarawa cikin manyan sassa na slag kuma yana iyo a cikin narkakken tafkin don cimma sakamako mai kyau na deoxidation. Manganese kuma wani muhimmin sinadari ne mai haɗakarwa a cikin ƙarfe da kuma muhimmin sashi mai ƙarfi, wanda ke da babban tasiri akan taurin ƙarfen walda. Lokacin da abun ciki na Mn ya kasance ƙasa da 0.05%, ƙarfin ƙarfe na walda yana da girma sosai; lokacin da abun ciki na Mn ya fi 3%, yana da rauni sosai; lokacin da abun ciki na Mn ya kasance 0.6-1.8%, ƙarfe na weld yana da ƙarfi da ƙarfi.
Sulfur (S)
Sulfur sau da yawa yana wanzuwa a cikin nau'in sulfide na ƙarfe a cikin ƙarfe, kuma an rarraba shi a cikin iyakar hatsi a cikin hanyar sadarwa, don haka yana rage ƙarfin ƙarfe. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na baƙin ƙarfe da baƙin ƙarfe sulfide yayi ƙasa (985°C). Saboda haka, a lokacin zafi aiki, tun da aiki fara zafin jiki ne kullum 1150-1200 ° C, da kuma eutectic na baƙin ƙarfe da baƙin ƙarfe sulfide da aka narke, sakamakon fatattaka a lokacin aiki, Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira "zafi embrittlement na sulfur" . Wannan dukiya na sulfur yana sa ƙarfe ya haifar da fashewar zafi yayin walda. Saboda haka, abun ciki na sulfur a cikin karfe ana sarrafa shi gabaɗaya. Babban bambanci tsakanin karfen carbon na yau da kullun, babban ingancin carbon karfe da ingantaccen ƙarfe mai inganci yana cikin adadin sulfur da phosphorus. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, manganese yana da sakamako na desulfurization, saboda manganese na iya samar da manganese sulfide (MnS) tare da babban narkewa (1600 ° C) tare da sulfur, wanda aka rarraba a cikin hatsi a cikin nau'i na granular. Lokacin aiki mai zafi, manganese sulfide yana da isasshen filastik, don haka yana kawar da tasirin sulfur mai cutarwa. Saboda haka, yana da amfani don kula da wani adadin manganese a cikin karfe.
Phosphorus (P)
Ana iya narkar da phosphorus gaba ɗaya a cikin ferrite a cikin ƙarfe. Tasirin ƙarfinsa akan karfe shine na biyu kawai ga carbon, wanda ke ƙara ƙarfi da taurin ƙarfe. Phosphorus na iya inganta juriya na lalata ƙarfe, yayin da filastik da tauri suna raguwa sosai. Musamman a ƙananan yanayin zafi, tasirin ya fi tsanani, wanda ake kira yanayin durƙusa sanyi na phosphorus. Sabili da haka, ba shi da kyau ga waldawa kuma yana ƙaruwa da hankali na karfe. A matsayin ƙazanta, abun ciki na phosphorus a cikin ƙarfe ya kamata kuma a iyakance shi.
Chromium (Cr)
Chromium na iya ƙara ƙarfi da taurin ƙarfe ba tare da rage robo da tauri ba. Chromium yana da juriya mai ƙarfi da juriya na acid, don haka bakin karfe austenitic gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ƙarin chromium (fiye da 13%). Chromium kuma yana da ƙarfin juriya da iskar oxygen da juriya mai zafi. Saboda haka, chromium kuma ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin ƙarfe mai jure zafi, kamar 12CrMo, 15CrMo 5CrMo da sauransu. Karfe ya ƙunshi takamaiman adadin chromium [7]. Chromium wani muhimmin kashi ne na ƙarfe na austenitic kuma wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa, wanda zai iya inganta juriya na iskar shaka da kaddarorin inji a babban zafin jiki a cikin gami karfe. A cikin bakin karfe austenitic, lokacin da adadin adadin chromium da nickel ya kasance 40%, lokacin da Cr / Ni = 1, akwai yanayin zafi mai zafi; lokacin da Cr/Ni = 2.7, babu wani hali na fashewa mai zafi. Saboda haka, lokacin da Cr/Ni = 2.2 zuwa 2.3 a gaba ɗaya 18-8 karfe, chromium yana da sauƙi don samar da carbides a cikin ƙarfe na ƙarfe, wanda ya sa zafin zafin naman gwari ya fi muni, kuma chromium oxide yana da sauƙi don samar da shi, wanda ke sa walda da wahala.
Aluminum (AI)
Aluminum yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa masu ƙarfi na deoxidizing, don haka yin amfani da aluminum a matsayin wakili na deoxidizing ba zai iya samar da ƙananan FeO kawai ba, amma kuma a sauƙaƙe rage FeO, yadda ya kamata ya hana sinadarai na CO gas da aka samar a cikin tafki narkakkar, da kuma inganta ikon yin tsayayya da CO. pores. Bugu da ƙari, aluminum yana iya haɗuwa da nitrogen don gyara nitrogen, don haka yana iya rage raƙuman nitrogen. Koyaya, tare da deoxidation na aluminum, sakamakon Al2O3 yana da babban wurin narkewa (kimanin 2050 ° C), kuma yana wanzuwa a cikin narkakken tafkin a cikin ingantaccen yanayi, wanda wataƙila zai haifar da haɗaɗɗun slag a cikin walda. A lokaci guda kuma, wayar walda mai ɗauke da aluminium tana da sauƙi don haifar da spatter, kuma babban abun ciki na aluminium zai kuma rage juriya na tsagewar ƙarfe na walda, don haka abin da ke cikin aluminum ɗin da ke cikin wayar ɗin dole ne a sarrafa shi sosai kuma kada ya kasance ma. da yawa. Idan ana sarrafa abun ciki na aluminium a cikin wayar walda da kyau, za a ƙara haɓaka taurin, maƙasudin samarwa da ƙarfin juzu'in ƙarfen walda.
Titanium (Ti)
Titanium kuma wani abu ne mai ƙarfi na deoxidizing, kuma yana iya haɗa TiN tare da nitrogen don gyara nitrogen da haɓaka ƙarfin walda don tsayayya da pores nitrogen. Idan abun ciki na Ti da B (boron) a cikin tsarin weld ya dace, ana iya tsaftace tsarin weld.
Molybdenum (Mo)
Molybdenum a cikin ƙarfe na ƙarfe na iya inganta ƙarfi da taurin ƙarfe, tsaftace hatsi, hana saurin fushi da yanayin zafi, haɓaka ƙarfin zafin jiki, ƙarfin rarrafe da ƙarfi mai dorewa, kuma lokacin da abun ciki na molybdenum ya ƙasa da 0.6%, yana iya haɓaka filastik, Ragewa. hali don fashe kuma yana inganta tasirin tasiri. Molybdenum yana kula da haɓaka graphitization. Saboda haka, babban molybdenum mai ɗauke da ƙarfe mai jure zafi kamar 16Mo, 12CrMo, 15CrMo, da dai sauransu ya ƙunshi kusan 0.5% molybdenum. Lokacin da abun ciki na molybdenum a cikin gami karfe ne 0.6-1.0%, molybdenum zai rage roba da taurin gami da kuma ƙara quenching hali na gami karfe.
Vanadium (V)
Vanadium na iya ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfe, tsaftace hatsi, rage yanayin girma na hatsi, da inganta ƙarfin hali. Vanadium wani nau'in sinadari ne mai ƙarfi na carbide, kuma abubuwan da aka kafa suna da ƙarfi a ƙasa da 650 ° C. Lokacin hardening sakamako. Vanadium carbides suna da babban kwanciyar hankali na zafin jiki, wanda zai iya inganta girman zafin ƙarfe na ƙarfe. Vanadium na iya canza rarraba carbides a cikin karfe, amma vanadium yana da sauƙi don samar da oxides na refractory, wanda ke ƙara wahalar walda gas da yanke gas. Gabaɗaya, lokacin da abun ciki na vanadium a cikin kabu na weld ya kai kusan 0.11%, yana iya taka rawa wajen gyaran nitrogen, yana mai da rashin amfani.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris 22-2023
