Doki mai kyau yana buƙatar sirdi mai kyau kuma yana amfani da kayan aikin injin CNC na ci gaba. Idan an yi amfani da kayan aikin da ba daidai ba, zai zama mara amfani! Zaɓin kayan aikin da ya dace yana da tasiri mai yawa akan rayuwar sabis na kayan aiki, ingantaccen aiki, ingancin sarrafawa da farashin sarrafawa. Wannan labarin yana ba da bayanai masu amfani game da ilimin wuƙa, tattara kuma mu tura shi, mu koya tare.
Kayan kayan aiki yakamata su kasance da abubuwan asali
Zaɓin kayan aikin kayan aiki yana da tasiri mai yawa akan rayuwar kayan aiki, ingantaccen aiki, ingancin sarrafawa da farashin sarrafawa. Kayan aiki dole ne su yi tsayayya da matsa lamba, babban zafin jiki, juzu'i, tasiri da rawar jiki lokacin yankan. Saboda haka, kayan aikin kayan aiki ya kamata su sami mahimman kaddarorin masu zuwa:
(1) Tauri da juriya. Taurin kayan aiki dole ne ya zama mafi girma fiye da taurin kayan aikin, wanda gabaɗaya ake buƙata ya zama sama da 60HRC. Mafi girman ƙarfin kayan aiki, mafi kyawun juriya na lalacewa.
(2) Karfi da taurin kai. Kayan kayan aiki ya kamata su sami ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfi don tsayayya da yankan ƙarfi, tasiri da rawar jiki, da hana karaya da tsinke kayan aiki.
(3) Juriya da zafi. Kayan kayan aiki yana da tsayayyar zafi mai kyau, zai iya tsayayya da yanayin zafi mai zafi, kuma yana da kyakkyawan juriya na iskar shaka.
(4) Tsari aiki da tattalin arziki. Kayan kayan aiki ya kamata su sami kyakkyawan aikin ƙirƙira, aikin maganin zafi, aikin walda; nika yi, da dai sauransu, kuma ya kamata a bi high yi-farashin rabo.
Nau'i, kaddarorin, halaye, da aikace-aikacen kayan aiki
1. Diamond kayan aiki kayan
Diamond allotrope ne na carbon kuma shine mafi wuya abu samu a yanayi. Kayan aikin yankan lu'u-lu'u suna da tsayin daka, juriya mai tsayi da haɓakar thermal, kuma ana amfani da su sosai wajen sarrafa karafa da ba ƙarfe ba. Musamman ma a cikin babban saurin yanke aluminum da silicon-aluminum alloys, kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u sune babban nau'in kayan aikin yankan da ke da wuya a maye gurbinsu. Kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u waɗanda zasu iya cimma babban inganci, babban kwanciyar hankali, da tsawon rayuwar sabis sune makawa kuma mahimman kayan aikin a cikin injinan CNC na zamani.
⑴ Nau'in kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u
① Kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u na dabi'a: An yi amfani da lu'u-lu'u na halitta azaman kayan aikin yanke don ɗaruruwan shekaru. Kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u na dabi'a guda ɗaya an yi su da kyau don sanya yankan gefen ya zama mai kaifi sosai. Radius na yankan na iya kaiwa 0.002μm, wanda zai iya cimma yankan bakin ciki. Yana iya aiwatar musamman high workpiece daidai da musamman low surface roughness. Sanannen kayan aikin inji ne, manufa kuma ba za a iya maye gurbinsa ba.
② PCD kayan aikin yankan lu'u-lu'u: Lu'u-lu'u na halitta suna da tsada. Lu'u lu'u lu'u-lu'u da aka fi amfani da shi wajen yanke sarrafawa shine polycrystalline diamond (PCD). Tun farkon shekarun 1970, an haɓaka lu'u-lu'u na polycrystalline (Polycrystauine lu'u-lu'u, wanda ake kira da ruwan wukake na PCD) wanda aka shirya ta amfani da fasaha mai zafi da matsanancin matsin lamba. Bayan nasararsa, an maye gurbin kayan aikin yankan lu'u-lu'u da lu'u-lu'u na wucin gadi na polycrystalline a lokuta da yawa. Kayan albarkatun PCD suna da wadatuwa a cikin tushe, kuma farashinsu kaɗan ne kawai zuwa kashi ɗaya cikin goma na na lu'u-lu'u na halitta. Kayan aikin yankan PCD ba za su iya zama ƙasa don samar da kayan aikin yanke kaifi sosai ba. Ingancin ƙwanƙwasa da kayan aikin da aka sarrafa ba su da kyau kamar na lu'u-lu'u na halitta. Har yanzu bai dace ba don kera ruwan PCD tare da masu fasa guntu a cikin masana'antar. Saboda haka, PCD za a iya amfani da shi kawai don daidaitaccen yankan karafa da ba na ƙarfe ba, kuma yana da wahala a cimma ainihin yankan. Daidaitaccen madubi yankan.
③ CVD kayan aikin yankan lu'u-lu'u: Tun daga ƙarshen 1970s zuwa farkon 1980s, fasahar lu'u-lu'u ta CVD ta bayyana a Japan. Lu'u lu'u-lu'u na CVD yana nufin amfani da bayanan tururi (CVD) don haɗa fim ɗin lu'u-lu'u akan matrix iri-iri (kamar siminti carbide, yumbu, da sauransu). CVD lu'u-lu'u yana da daidai tsari iri ɗaya da halaye kamar lu'u-lu'u na halitta. Ayyukan lu'u-lu'u na CVD yana kusa da na lu'u-lu'u na halitta. Yana da fa'idodin lu'u-lu'u na lu'u-lu'u na halitta guda ɗaya da lu'u-lu'u polycrystalline (PCD), kuma yana shawo kan gazawar su zuwa wani ɗan lokaci.
⑵ Halayen ayyuka na kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u
① Maɗaukakin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da juriya: Lu'u-lu'u na halitta shine abu mafi wahala da aka samu a yanayi. Diamond yana da tsayin daka sosai. Lokacin sarrafa kayan aiki masu ƙarfi, rayuwar kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u shine sau 10 zuwa 100 na kayan aikin carbide, ko ma ɗaruruwan lokuta.
② Yana da ƙarancin juzu'i mai ƙarancin ƙima: Matsakaicin juzu'i tsakanin lu'u-lu'u da wasu karafa marasa ƙarfe ya yi ƙasa da sauran kayan aikin yankan. Ƙididdigar juzu'i yana da ƙananan, nakasar yayin aiki yana da ƙananan, kuma ana iya rage ƙarfin yankewa.
③ Yanke gefen yana da kaifi sosai: Ƙimar kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u na iya zama ƙasa mai kaifi sosai. Kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u na lu'u-lu'u na halitta guda ɗaya na iya zama sama da 0.002 ~ 0.008μm, wanda zai iya aiwatar da yankan-baƙin ciki da sarrafa madaidaici.
④ High thermal conductivity: Diamond yana da high thermal conductivity da thermal diffusivity, don haka yankan zafi yana da sauƙin watsawa kuma yawan zafin jiki na yanki na kayan aiki yana da ƙasa.
⑤ Yana da ƙananan haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar thermal: Matsakaicin haɓakar haɓakar thermal na lu'u-lu'u ya ninka sau da yawa fiye da na siminti carbide, kuma canjin girman kayan aikin da ke haifar da yanke zafi kaɗan ne, wanda yake da mahimmanci musamman ga madaidaicin mashin ɗin. yana buƙatar daidaito mai girma.
⑶ Aikace-aikacen kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u
Ana amfani da kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u mafi yawa don yankan kyau da gundura na karafa da ba na ƙarfe ba da kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba a cikin babban sauri. Ya dace da sarrafa nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba na ƙarfe ba, kamar fiberglass foda karfe blanks, kayan yumbu, da sauransu; nau'ikan ƙarfe daban-daban waɗanda ba na ƙarfe ba, kamar siliki-aluminum gami daban-daban; da kuma kammala sarrafa karafa daban-daban da ba na ƙarfe ba.
Rashin lahani na kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u shine cewa suna da rashin kwanciyar hankali na thermal. Lokacin da yankan zafin jiki ya wuce 700 ℃ ~ 800 ℃, za su gaba daya rasa su taurin. Bugu da ƙari, ba su dace da yankan ƙarfe na ƙarfe ba saboda lu'u-lu'u (carbon) yana saurin amsawa da ƙarfe a yanayin zafi. Atomic Action yana jujjuya ƙwayoyin carbon zuwa tsarin graphite, kuma kayan aikin yana da sauƙin lalacewa.
2. Cubic boron nitride kayan aiki kayan aiki
Cubic boron nitride (CBN), abu mai ƙarfi na biyu da aka haɗa ta hanyar yin amfani da hanya mai kama da ƙera lu'u-lu'u, shine na biyu kawai ga lu'u-lu'u ta fuskar taurin kai da zafin jiki. Yana da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na thermal kuma ana iya yin zafi zuwa 10,000C a cikin yanayi. Babu iskar oxygen da ke faruwa. CBN yana da kayyadaddun sinadarai masu tsayayye don karafa na ƙarfe kuma ana iya amfani da su sosai wajen sarrafa kayayyakin ƙarfe.
⑴ Nau'in kayan aikin yankan boron nitride cubic
Cubic boron nitride (CBN) abu ne da babu shi a cikin yanayi. An raba shi zuwa crystal guda da polycrystalline, wato CBN single crystal da polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (Polycrystalline cubic bornnitride, PCBN a takaice). CBN yana daya daga cikin allotropes na boron nitride (BN) kuma yana da tsari mai kama da lu'u-lu'u.
PCBN (polycrystalline cubic boron nitride) wani abu ne na polycrystalline wanda kyawawan kayan CBN ke haɗa su tare ta hanyar dauri (TiC, TiN, Al, Ti, da dai sauransu) ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba. A halin yanzu shine abu na biyu mafi ƙarfi da aka haɗa ta wucin gadi. Kayan kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u, tare da lu'u-lu'u, ana kiransa gaba ɗaya kayan aikin kayan aiki superhard. Ana amfani da PCBN musamman don yin wuƙaƙe ko wasu kayan aiki.
Ana iya raba kayan aikin yankan PCBN zuwa madaidaitan ruwan wukake na PCBN da PCBN composite ruwan wukake da aka yi da carbide.
PCBN composite blades ana yin su ta hanyar karkatar da Layer na PCBN tare da kauri daga 0.5 zuwa 1.0mm akan carbide da aka yi da siminti tare da kyakkyawan ƙarfi da tauri. Ayyukansa yana haɗawa mai kyau tauri tare da babban taurin da juriya. Yana magance matsalolin ƙarancin lanƙwasa da wahalar walda na ruwan CBN.
⑵ Babban kaddarorin da halaye na cubic boron nitride
Ko da yake taurin boron nitride mai siffar cubic ya ɗan yi ƙasa da lu'u-lu'u, ya fi sauran kayan tauri. Babban fa'idar da CBN ke da shi shi ne, kwanciyar hankalinsa ya fi na lu'u-lu'u sama da yawa, yana kai zafin sama da 1200 ° C (lu'u 700-800 ° C). Wani fa'ida mai ban sha'awa shi ne cewa ba shi da ƙarfi a cikin sinadarai kuma baya amsa da baƙin ƙarfe a 1200-1300 ° C. dauki. Babban halayen aikin boron nitride mai siffar sukari sune kamar haka.
① Babban tauri da juriya: Tsarin crystal na CBN yayi kama da lu'u-lu'u, kuma yana da irin tauri da ƙarfi ga lu'u-lu'u. PCBN ya dace musamman don sarrafa kayan ɗorewa waɗanda za a iya yin ƙasa a da, kuma suna iya samun ingantacciyar ingancin kayan aikin.
② High thermal kwanciyar hankali: Juriya da zafi na CBN na iya kaiwa 1400 ~ 1500 ℃, wanda ya kusan sau 1 sama da juriyar zafin lu'u-lu'u (700 ~ 800 ℃). Kayan aikin PCBN na iya yanke alloys masu zafin jiki da taurin karfe a babban gudu sau 3 zuwa 5 fiye da kayan aikin carbide.
③ Kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai: Ba shi da hulɗar sinadarai tare da kayan tushen ƙarfe har zuwa 1200-1300 ° C, kuma ba zai sawa sosai kamar lu'u-lu'u ba. A wannan lokacin, har yanzu yana iya kula da taurin simintin carbide; Kayan aikin PCBN sun dace da yankan ɓangarorin ƙarfe da aka kashe da baƙin ƙarfe mai sanyi, ana iya amfani da shi sosai a yankan baƙin ƙarfe mai saurin gaske.
④ Kyakkyawan yanayin zafi: Duk da cewa zafin wutar lantarki na CBN ba zai iya ci gaba da lu'u-lu'u ba, yanayin zafi na PCBN tsakanin kayan aiki daban-daban shine na biyu kawai ga lu'u-lu'u, kuma ya fi tsayin ƙarfe mai sauri da siminti carbide.
⑤ Yana da ƙananan juzu'i: Ƙarƙashin ƙira na iya haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙarfin yankewa yayin yankewa, rage yawan zafin jiki, da kuma inganta yanayin da aka yi amfani da shi.
⑶ Aikace-aikacen kayan aikin yankan boron nitride cubic
Cubic boron nitride ya dace don kammala abubuwa daban-daban masu wuyar yankewa kamar quenched karfe, simintin ƙarfe mai ƙarfi, gami da zafin jiki mai zafi, siminti carbide, da kayan fesa saman. Daidaitaccen aiki na iya isa IT5 (ramin shine IT6), kuma ƙimar ƙarancin ƙasa na iya zama ƙarami kamar Ra1.25 ~ 0.20μm.
Cubic boron nitride kayan aikin kayan aiki yana da ƙarancin tauri da ƙarfin lanƙwasawa. Sabili da haka, kayan aikin jujjuya boron nitride mai siffar sukari ba su dace da mashin ɗin da ke da ƙarfi a cikin ƙananan gudu da manyan tasirin tasiri ba; a lokaci guda, ba su dace da yankan kayan da babban filastik (irin su aluminum gami, jan ƙarfe, gami da nickel, ƙarfe tare da babban filastik, da dai sauransu), saboda yanke waɗannan gefuna masu mahimmanci za su faru lokacin aiki. da karfe, tabarbarewar da injin da aka yi.
3. kayan aikin yumbura
Kayan aikin yankan yumbu suna da halaye na tsayin daka, juriya mai kyau, tsayayyar zafi mai kyau da kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai, kuma ba su da sauƙin haɗawa da ƙarfe. Kayan aikin yumbu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin injinan CNC. Kayan aikin yumbu sun zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kayan aiki don yankan sauri da sarrafa kayan aiki mai wuyar gaske. Ana amfani da kayan aikin yumbura sosai a cikin yankan sauri, yankan bushewa, yankan wuya da yankan kayan aiki mai wuyar gaske. Kayan aikin yumbu na iya aiwatar da ingantaccen kayan aiki masu ƙarfi waɗanda kayan aikin gargajiya ba za su iya aiwatar da su kwata-kwata ba, suna fahimtar "juyawa maimakon niƙa"; mafi kyawun saurin yankan kayan aikin yumbu na iya zama sau 2 zuwa 10 sama da na kayan aikin carbide, don haka yana haɓaka ingantaccen aikin yankewa. ; Babban albarkatun da ake amfani da su a cikin kayan aikin yumbu sune mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin ɓawon ƙasa. Don haka, haɓakawa da aikace-aikacen kayan aikin yumbu suna da matuƙar mahimmanci don haɓaka yawan aiki, rage farashin sarrafawa, da adana mahimman ƙarfe masu daraja. Har ila yau, zai inganta ci gaban fasahar yankan. ci gaba.
⑴ Nau'in kayan aikin yumbu
Nau'in kayan aikin yumbu za a iya raba gabaɗaya zuwa sassa uku: tukwane na tushen alumina, tukwane na tushen silicon nitride, da yumbu na tushen silicon nitride-alumina. Daga cikin su, kayan aikin yumbu na tushen alumina da silicon nitride na kayan aikin yumbu sun fi amfani da su. Ayyukan yumbu na tushen silicon nitride ya fi na tukwane na tushen alumina.
⑵ Ayyuka da halaye na kayan aikin yankan yumbu
① Babban ƙarfin ƙarfi da juriya mai kyau: Kodayake taurin kayan aikin yumbu ba su da girma kamar PCD da PCBN, yana da yawa fiye da na carbide da kayan aikin yankan ƙarfe mai sauri, kai 93-95HRA. Kayan aikin yankan yumbu na iya sarrafa kayan aiki masu wuyar gaske waɗanda ke da wahalar aiwatarwa tare da kayan aikin yankan gargajiya kuma sun dace da yanke saurin sauri da yanke wuya.
② Babban juriya da zafi mai kyau: Kayan aikin yankan yumbu na iya yankewa a yanayin zafi sama da 1200 ° C. Kayan aikin yankan yumbu suna da kyawawan kaddarorin inji mai zafin jiki. A12O3 yumbu yankan kayan aikin da musamman kyau hadawan abu da iskar shaka juriya. Ko da yankan gefen yana cikin yanayin ja-zafi, ana iya amfani dashi akai-akai. Sabili da haka, kayan aikin yumbu na iya cimma busasshen yanke, don haka kawar da buƙatar yanke ruwa.
③ Kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai: Kayan aikin yankan yumbu ba su da sauƙi don haɗawa da ƙarfe, kuma suna da juriya da lalata kuma suna da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau na sinadarai, wanda zai iya rage lalacewar haɗin gwiwa na kayan aikin yanke.
④ Ƙwararren ƙira: Ƙarfafawa tsakanin kayan aikin yumbura da ƙarfe ƙananan ƙananan ne, kuma ƙananan ƙira yana da ƙananan, wanda zai iya rage ƙarfin yankewa da yanke zafin jiki.
⑶ Wuƙaƙen yumbu suna da aikace-aikace
Ceramics ɗaya ne daga cikin kayan aikin da aka fi amfani da su don ƙarewa mai sauri da ƙarewa. yumbu sabon kayan aikin sun dace da yankan nau'ikan simintin ƙarfe daban-daban ( baƙin ƙarfe simintin launin toka, baƙin ƙarfe ductile, malleable simintin ƙarfe, baƙin ƙarfe mai sanyi, babban simintin simintin gyare-gyaren simintin ƙarfe) da kayan ƙarfe (carbon tsarin karfe, gami tsarin karfe, babban ƙarfi karfe, babban manganese karfe, quenched karfe da dai sauransu), kuma za a iya amfani da su yanke tagulla gami, graphite, injiniya robobi da hada kayan.
Abubuwan kayan kayan aiki na kayan aikin yumbura suna da matsalolin ƙananan ƙarfin lanƙwasa da ƙarancin tasiri mai tasiri, yana sa su zama marasa dacewa don yankewa a ƙananan gudu da kuma ƙarƙashin tasirin tasiri.
4. Kayan kayan aiki mai rufi
Rufe kayan aikin yankan yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin inganta aikin kayan aiki. Bayyanar kayan aikin da aka rufe ya haifar da babban ci gaba a cikin aikin yanke kayan aikin yanke. An rufe kayan aikin da aka rufe tare da daya ko fiye da yadudduka na mahadi masu mahimmanci tare da juriya mai kyau a jikin kayan aiki tare da tauri mai kyau. Yana haɗuwa da matrix na kayan aiki tare da sutura mai wuya, don haka yana inganta aikin kayan aiki sosai. Kayan aikin da aka rufa za su iya inganta ingantaccen sarrafawa, haɓaka daidaiton sarrafawa, tsawaita rayuwar sabis na kayan aiki, da rage farashin sarrafawa.
Kimanin kashi 80% na kayan aikin yankan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin sabbin kayan aikin injin CNC suna amfani da kayan aikin da aka rufe. Kayan aikin da aka rufe za su kasance mafi mahimmancin kayan aiki iri-iri a fagen CNC machining a nan gaba.
⑴ Nau'in kayan aiki masu rufi
Dangane da hanyoyin sutura daban-daban, ana iya raba kayan aikin da aka rufe zuwa kayan aikin tururi mai rufi (CVD) kayan aikin da aka rufe da kayan aikin tururi na zahiri (PVD). Kayan aikin yankan carbide masu rufi gabaɗaya suna amfani da hanyar tara tururin sinadari, kuma yawan zafin jiki yana kusa da 1000°C. Kayan aikin yankan ƙarfe masu ƙarfi da aka rufawa gabaɗaya suna amfani da hanyar tara tururi na zahiri, kuma yawan zafin jiki yana kusa da 500 ° C;
Dangane da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kayan aikin da aka rufe, ana iya raba kayan aikin da aka rufa zuwa kayan aikin da aka rufaffiyar carbide, kayan aikin ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, da kayan aikin da aka rufe akan yumbu da kayan haɓaka (lu'u-lu'u da cubic boron nitride).
Dangane da kaddarorin kayan shafa, kayan aikin da aka rufe za a iya raba su zuwa nau'i biyu, wato kayan aikin "masu wuya" da kayan aikin 'laushi'. Babban burin da aka bi ta kayan aikin da aka rufe "masu wuya" sune babban tauri da kuma sa juriya Babban fa'idodinsa shine babban ƙarfi da juriya mai kyau, yawanci TiC da suturar TiN. Makasudin da kayan aikin shafa na "laushi" ke bi shi ne ƙananan ƙarancin juzu'i, wanda kuma aka sani da kayan aikin lubricating kai, wanda juzu'i tare da kayan aikin aiki Ƙaddamarwa yana da ƙasa sosai, kawai game da 0.1, wanda zai iya rage mannewa, rage gogayya, da rage yankewa. karfi da yankan zafin jiki.
Nanocoating (Nanoeoating) kayan aikin yankan kwanan nan an ƙirƙira su. Irin waɗannan kayan aikin da aka rufe suna iya amfani da haɗuwa daban-daban na kayan shafa (kamar ƙarfe / ƙarfe, ƙarfe / yumbu, yumbu / yumbu, da dai sauransu) don saduwa da bukatun aiki daban-daban da aikin aiki. Nano-coatings da aka tsara da kyau na iya yin kayan aiki na kayan aiki suna da kyakkyawar raguwa-raguwa da ayyukan haɓakawa da kayan shafa da kai, suna sa su dace da yanke bushewa mai sauri.
⑵ Halayen kayan aikin yankan mai rufi
① Kyakkyawan aikin injiniya da yankan: Kayan aikin da aka rufe sun haɗa da kyawawan kaddarorin kayan tushe da kayan shafa. Ba wai kawai suna kula da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na kayan tushe ba, har ma suna da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, juriya mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin ƙarancin juzu'i. Sabili da haka, za a iya ƙara saurin yankan kayan aikin da aka rufe da fiye da sau 2 fiye da na kayan aikin da ba a rufe ba, kuma an yarda da ƙimar abinci mafi girma. An kuma inganta rayuwar kayan aikin da aka rufe.
② Ƙarfi mai ƙarfi: Kayan aikin da aka rufa suna da fa'ida mai yawa kuma suna faɗaɗa kewayon sarrafawa sosai. Ɗayan kayan aiki mai rufi zai iya maye gurbin kayan aikin da ba a rufe ba.
③ Rufi kauri: Kamar yadda shafi kauri ya karu, da kayan aiki rai zai kuma ƙara, amma lokacin da shafi kauri ya kai jikewa, da kayan aiki rayuwa ba zai ƙara karuwa sosai. Lokacin da rufin ya yi kauri sosai, zai iya haifar da bawon; lokacin da rufin ya yi bakin ciki sosai, juriya na lalacewa zai zama mara kyau.
④ Regrindability: Rubutun ruwan wukake suna da rashin ƙarfi regrindability, hadaddun kayan aiki kayan aiki, babban tsari bukatun, da kuma dogon shafi lokaci.
⑤ Rufi abu: Kayan aiki tare da kayan shafa daban-daban suna da aikin yankan daban-daban. Alal misali: lokacin yankewa a ƙananan gudu, TiC shafi yana da abũbuwan amfãni; lokacin yankan a babban gudun, TiN ya fi dacewa.
⑶ Aikace-aikacen kayan aikin yankan mai rufi
Kayan aikin da aka rufe suna da babbar dama a fagen aikin CNC kuma za su kasance mafi mahimmancin kayan aiki iri-iri a fagen CNC machining a nan gaba. An yi amfani da fasahar sutura don ƙarshen niƙa, reamers, rawar soja, kayan aikin sarrafa rami mai hade, hobs gear, masu yankan gear, masu yankan gear, samar da bututun ƙarfe da nau'ikan abubuwan da aka haɗa da na'ura daban-daban don saduwa da buƙatu daban-daban na sarrafa yankan sauri. Bukatun kayan kamar ƙarfe da simintin ƙarfe, gami da juriya da zafi da ƙarfe mara ƙarfe.
5. Abubuwan kayan aikin Carbide
Kayan aikin yankan Carbide, musamman kayan aikin yankan carbide masu ƙima, sune manyan samfuran kayan aikin injin CNC. Tun daga 1980s, nau'ikan nau'ikan kayan aikin yankan carbide ko abubuwan da za a iya ƙididdige su an faɗaɗa su zuwa nau'ikan daban-daban. Filayen yankan kayan aiki iri-iri, waɗanda kayan aikin carbide masu ƙididdigewa sun faɗaɗa daga kayan aikin juyawa masu sauƙi da masu yankan fuska zuwa daidaitattun wurare daban-daban, hadaddun, da kafa filayen kayan aiki.
⑴ Nau'in kayan aikin yankan carbide
Dangane da babban abun da ke tattare da sinadarai, ana iya raba simintin siminti zuwa simintin carbide mai tushen tungsten carbide da simintin siminti na titanium (nitride) (TiC (N)) - tushen simintin carbide.
Tungsten carbide na tushen ciminti ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan guda uku: tungsten cobalt (YG), tungsten cobalt titanium (YT), da ƙaramin carbide da aka ƙara (YW). Kowannensu yana da nasa amfani da rashin amfani. Babban abubuwan da aka gyara sune tungsten carbide (WC) da titanium carbide. (TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC), niobium carbide (NbC), da sauransu. Tsarin haɗin gwiwar da aka saba amfani da shi shine Co.
Titanium carbon (nitride) -based carbide cemented carbide ne siminti carbide tare da TiC a matsayin babban bangaren (wasu ƙara wasu carbide ko nitrides). Hanyoyin haɗin ƙarfe da aka saba amfani da su sune Mo da Ni.
ISO (Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa ta Duniya) ta raba yankan carbide zuwa kashi uku:
Class K, gami da Kl0 ~ K40, yayi daidai da ajin YG na ƙasata (babban ɓangaren shine WC.Co).
Rukunin P, gami da P01 ~ P50, yayi daidai da nau'in YT na ƙasata (babban ɓangaren shine WC.TiC.Co).
Class M, gami da M10~M40, yayi daidai da ajin YW na ƙasata (babban ɓangaren shine WC-TiC-TaC(NbC) -Co).
Kowane darajoji yana wakiltar jerin allunan jere daga babban tauri zuwa matsakaicin ƙarfi tare da lamba tsakanin 01 da 50.
⑵ Halayen ayyuka na kayan aikin yankan carbide
① Babban taurin: Carbide yankan kayan aikin an yi su da carbides tare da babban taurin da narkewa (wanda ake kira da wuya lokaci) da kuma karfe binders (wanda ake kira bonding lokaci) ta hanyar foda metallurgy, tare da taurin na 89 zuwa 93HRA. , Ya fi ƙarfin ƙarfe mai sauri. A 5400C, da taurin iya har yanzu isa 82 ~ 87HRA, wanda yake daidai da taurin high-gudun karfe a dakin zafin jiki (83 ~ 86HRA). The taurin darajar siminti carbide canje-canje tare da yanayi, yawa, barbashi girman carbides da abun ciki na karfe bonding lokaci, kuma kullum ragewa tare da karuwa a cikin abun ciki na bonding karfe zamani. Lokacin da abun ciki na lokaci mai ɗaure ya zama iri ɗaya, taurin alloys YT ya fi na YG alloys girma, kuma gami da aka ƙara tare da TaC (NbC) suna da taurin zafin jiki mafi girma.
② Ƙarfin lankwasawa da taurin kai: Ƙarfin lanƙwasawa na siminti carbide da aka saba amfani da shi yana cikin kewayon 900 zuwa 1500MPa. Mafi girman abun ciki na ƙarfe mai ɗaure, mafi girman ƙarfin sassauƙa. Lokacin da abun ciki mai ɗaure ya zama iri ɗaya, ƙarfin nau'in YG (WC-Co) gami ya fi na nau'in YT (WC-TiC-Co), kuma yayin da abun cikin TiC ya ƙaru, ƙarfin yana raguwa. Carbide da aka yi da siminti abu ne mai karye, kuma tasirin sa a zafin jiki shine kawai 1/30 zuwa 1/8 na karfe mai sauri.
⑶ Aikace-aikacen kayan aikin yankan carbide da aka saba amfani da su
Ana amfani da alluran YG don sarrafa simintin ƙarfe, ƙarfe mara ƙarfe da kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba. Carbide mai siminti mai kyau (kamar YG3X, YG6X) yana da tauri mafi girma da juriya fiye da carbide mai matsakaicin hatsi tare da abun ciki na cobalt iri ɗaya. Ya dace da sarrafa wasu ƙarfe na musamman na simintin ƙarfe, bakin karfe austenitic, gami da zafin zafi, gami da Titanium, tagulla mai ƙarfi da kayan insulating, da sauransu.
Babban fa'idodin YT nau'in cemented carbide shine babban taurin, kyakkyawan juriya mai zafi, ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfi a yanayin zafi sama da nau'in YG, da juriya mai kyau na iskar shaka. Sabili da haka, lokacin da ake buƙatar wuka don samun ƙarfin zafi mai girma da kuma juriya, ya kamata a zaɓi matsayi mai babban abun ciki na TiC. YT alloys sun dace da sarrafa kayan filastik kamar karfe, amma ba su dace da sarrafa kayan aikin titanium da silicon-aluminum gami ba.
YW alloy yana da kaddarorin YG da YT Alloys, kuma yana da kyawawan kaddarorin. Ana iya amfani da shi don sarrafa ƙarfe, simintin ƙarfe da ƙarfe mara ƙarfe. Idan abun ciki na cobalt na wannan nau'in gami ya karu yadda ya kamata, ƙarfin zai iya zama babba kuma ana iya amfani da shi don ƙeƙasasshen mashin ɗin da yanke yanke na kayan aiki daban-daban masu wahala.
6. High gudun karfe yankan kayan aikin
High Speed Steel (HSS) wani kayan aiki ne na kayan aiki mai mahimmanci wanda ke ƙara ƙarin abubuwa masu haɗawa kamar W, Mo, Cr, da V. Babban kayan aikin yankan karfe yana da kyakkyawan aiki mai mahimmanci dangane da ƙarfi, ƙarfi da kuma aiwatarwa. A cikin hadaddun kayan aikin yankan, musamman waɗanda ke da sifofi masu sarƙaƙƙiya irin su kayan aikin sarrafa rami, masu yankan niƙa, kayan zaren zare, kayan aikin batsa, kayan yankan kaya, da sauransu, har yanzu ana amfani da ƙarfe mai sauri. mamaye matsayi babba. Ƙarfe wuƙaƙe masu sauri suna da sauƙin kaifafa don samar da yankan yankan gefuna.
Dangane da amfani daban-daban, ana iya raba ƙarfe mai sauri zuwa ƙarfe mai sauri na gabaɗaya da babban aiki mai sauri.
⑴ Janar-manufa high-gudun karfe yankan kayan aikin
Janar manufa babban gudun karfe. Gabaɗaya, ana iya raba shi zuwa nau'i biyu: tungsten karfe da tungsten-molybdenum karfe. Irin wannan ƙarfe mai sauri ya ƙunshi 0.7% zuwa 0.9% (C). Dangane da daban-daban abun ciki na tungsten a cikin karfe, ana iya raba shi zuwa karfe tungsten tare da W abun ciki na 12% ko 18%, tungsten-molybdenum karfe tare da W abun ciki na 6% ko 8%, da molybdenum karfe tare da W abun ciki. na 2% ko babu W. . Janar-manufa high-gudun karfe yana da wani tauri (63-66HRC) da kuma sa juriya, high ƙarfi da tauri, mai kyau roba da kuma sarrafa fasaha, don haka shi ne yadu amfani a kerarre daban-daban hadaddun kayan aikin.
① Tungsten karfe: A hankula sa na general-manufa high-gudun karfe tungsten karfe ne W18Cr4V, (ana nufin W18). Yana da kyakkyawan aiki gabaɗaya. Babban zafin jiki a 6000C shine 48.5HRC, kuma ana iya amfani dashi don kera kayan aikin hadaddun daban-daban. Yana da abũbuwan amfãni daga mai kyau grindability da low decarburization ji na ƙwarai, amma saboda da high carbide abun ciki, m rarraba, manyan barbashi, da low ƙarfi da taurin.
② Tungsten-molybdenum karfe: yana nufin karfe mai sauri da aka samu ta hanyar maye gurbin wani ɓangare na tungsten a cikin tungsten karfe tare da molybdenum. Matsakaicin darajar tungsten-molybdenum karfe shine W6Mo5Cr4V2, (ana magana da M2). Barbashi na carbide na M2 suna da kyau kuma iri ɗaya ne, kuma ƙarfinsa, taurinsa da filastik mai zafin jiki sun fi na W18Cr4V. Wani irin tungsten-molybdenum karfe shine W9Mo3Cr4V (W9 a takaice). Its thermal kwanciyar hankali ne dan kadan mafi girma fiye da M2 karfe, ta lankwasawa ƙarfi da taurin ne mafi alhẽri daga W6M05Cr4V2, kuma yana da kyau processability.
⑵ Babban kayan aikin yankan karfe mai saurin aiki
Ƙarfe mai sauri mai girma yana nufin wani sabon nau'in karfe wanda ke ƙara wasu abubuwan da ke cikin carbon, abun ciki na vanadium, da abubuwan da ke haɗawa kamar Co da Al zuwa abun da ke ciki na babban maƙasudin ƙarfe mai sauri, don haka inganta ƙarfin zafi da juriya. . Akwai galibin nau'ikan nau'ikan:
① High carbon high gudun karfe. Karfe mai saurin iskar carbon (kamar 95W18Cr4V) yana da babban taurin a cikin dakin da zafin jiki. Ya dace da masana'anta da sarrafa ƙarfe na yau da kullun da simintin ƙarfe, raƙuman ruwa, reamers, famfo da masu yankan niƙa tare da buƙatun juriya na lalacewa, ko kayan aikin sarrafa kayan aiki masu wahala. Bai dace da tsayayya da babban tasiri ba.
② Ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na vanadium. Matsayi na yau da kullun, irin su W12Cr4V4Mo, (wanda ake magana da shi azaman EV4), suna da abun ciki na V ya karu zuwa 3% zuwa 5%, suna da juriya mai kyau, kuma sun dace da yanke kayan da ke haifar da lalacewa mai girma, kamar fibers, roba mai wuya, robobi. , da dai sauransu, kuma ana iya amfani da su don sarrafa kayan aiki irin su bakin karfe, ƙarfe mai ƙarfi da kayan zafi mai zafi.
③ Cobalt babban gudun karfe. Karfe ne mai saurin gaske mai tsananin gaske wanda ya ƙunshi cobalt. Yawan maki, irin su W2Mo9Cr4VCo8, (ana nufin M42), suna da taurin gaske. Taurinsa na iya kaiwa 69-70HRC. Ya dace da sarrafa kayan aiki mai ƙarfi-da-amfani mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, gami da zafin jiki mai ƙarfi, gami da titanium gami da sauransu. don yin aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanke tasiri.
④ Aluminum high gudun karfe. Karfe ne mai saurin gaske mai tsananin gaske. Yawan maki sune, misali, W6Mo5Cr4V2Al, (ana magana da 501). Babban zafin jiki a 6000C kuma ya kai 54HRC. Aikin yankan yayi daidai da M42. Ya dace da masana'anta masu yankan niƙa, ƙwanƙwasa, reamers, masu yankan kaya, da broaches. da dai sauransu, ana amfani da su don sarrafa kayan aiki irin su ƙarfe na ƙarfe, bakin karfe, ƙarfe mai ƙarfi da ƙarfin zafin jiki.
⑤ Nitrogen super-hard high-gudun karfe. Matsayi na yau da kullun, irin su W12M03Cr4V3N, ana magana da su (V3N), ƙarfe ne mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na nitrogen. Taurin, ƙarfi, da taurin suna daidai da M42. Za a iya amfani da su a maimakon cobalt-dauke da ƙananan ƙarfe masu sauri kuma ana amfani da su don yankan ƙananan sauri na kayan aiki mai wuyar gaske da ƙananan sauri, ƙananan ƙananan ƙarfe. sarrafawa.
⑶ Karfe mai saurin narkewa da foda karfen karfe mai sauri
A cewar daban-daban masana'antu matakai, high-gudun karfe za a iya raba smelting high-gudun karfe da foda karfe high-gudun karfe.
① Karfe mai sauri mai narkewa: Dukansu ƙarfe na yau da kullun na yau da kullun da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi ana yin su ta hanyoyin smelting. Ana sanya su cikin wukake ta hanyar matakai kamar narke, simintin gyare-gyare, da plating da birgima. Matsala mai tsanani da ke faruwa a sauƙaƙe lokacin da ake narke karfe mai sauri shine rabuwar carbide. Ana rarraba carbides masu ƙarfi da gaggautsa ba daidai ba a cikin ƙarfe mai sauri, kuma hatsin suna da yawa (har zuwa ɗimbin microns), wanda ke shafar juriyar lalacewa da taurin kayan aikin ƙarfe masu sauri. kuma yana tasiri mummunan aiki.
② Powder metallurgy high-gugu karfe (PM HSS): Foda karfe high-gudun karfe (PM HSS) wani ruwa karfe ne narke a cikin wani high-mita induction tanderun, atomized da high-matsi argon ko tsarki nitrogen, sa'an nan quenched ya samu. kyau da kuma uniform lu'ulu'u. Tsarin (ƙarfe mai sauri mai sauri), sannan a danna sakamakon foda a cikin wuka mara kyau a ƙarƙashin matsanancin zafin jiki da matsa lamba, ko fara yin billet ɗin ƙarfe sannan a ƙirƙira shi a mirgine shi cikin siffar wuka. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfe mai sauri da aka ƙera ta hanyar narkewa, PM HSS yana da fa'idodin cewa hatsin carbide suna da kyau da daidaituwa, kuma ƙarfin, ƙarfi, da juriya sun inganta sosai idan aka kwatanta da narkar da ƙarfe mai sauri. A fagen kayan aikin CNC masu rikitarwa, kayan aikin PM HSS za su kara haɓakawa da kuma mamaye matsayi mai mahimmanci. Ana iya amfani da maki na yau da kullun, irin su F15, FR71, GFl, GF2, GF3, PT1, PVN, da dai sauransu, don kera manyan nau'ikan, nauyi mai nauyi, manyan kayan aikin yankan, da madaidaicin kayan aikin yankan.
Ka'idoji don Zaɓin Kayan Aikin CNC
A halin yanzu, da yadu amfani CNC kayan aiki kayan, yafi hada da lu'u-lu'u kayan aikin, cubic boron nitride kayayyakin aiki, yumbu kayan aikin, rufi kayan aikin, carbide kayayyakin aiki, high-gudun karfe kayayyakin aiki, da dai sauransu Akwai da yawa maki na kayan aiki kayan, da kuma kaddarorin bambanta ƙwarai. Teburin da ke gaba yana nuna manyan alamun aikin kayan aiki daban-daban.
Dole ne a zaɓi kayan kayan aiki don mashin ɗin CNC bisa ga aikin aikin da ake sarrafa da kuma yanayin sarrafawa. Zaɓin kayan aikin kayan aiki yakamata ya dace daidai da abin sarrafawa. Daidaita kayan aikin yankan kayan aiki da abubuwa masu sarrafawa galibi yana nufin dacewa da kayan aikin injiniya, kaddarorin jiki da kaddarorin sinadarai na biyu don samun mafi tsayin rayuwar kayan aiki da matsakaicin yanke yawan aiki.
1. Daidaita kayan aikin injiniya na kayan aikin yankan kayan aiki da abubuwa masu sarrafawa
Matsalar dacewa da kayan aikin injiniya na kayan aikin yankan da kayan aiki galibi yana nufin daidaita ma'aunin kayan aikin injiniya kamar ƙarfi, ƙarfi da taurin kayan aiki da kayan aiki. Kayan kayan aiki tare da kaddarorin injiniyoyi daban-daban sun dace da sarrafa kayan aiki daban-daban.
① Tsarin kayan aiki na kayan aiki shine: kayan aiki na lu'u-lu'u> kayan aiki mai siffar sukari boron nitride> kayan aikin yumbu> Tungsten carbide> ƙarfe mai sauri.
② Tsarin lanƙwasa ƙarfin kayan aiki shine: ƙarfe mai sauri> carbide cemented> kayan aikin yumbu> lu'u-lu'u da kayan aikin nitride mai cubic boron.
③ Tsarin taurin kayan aiki shine: ƙarfe mai sauri>tungsten carbide>cubic boron nitride, lu'u-lu'u da kayan aikin yumbu.
Dole ne a sarrafa kayan aikin daɗaɗɗen ƙarfi da kayan aiki masu ƙarfi. Taurin kayan aiki dole ne ya zama mafi girma fiye da taurin kayan aikin, wanda gabaɗaya ake buƙata ya zama sama da 60HRC. Mafi girma da taurin kayan aiki, mafi kyawun juriya na lalacewa. Misali, idan abun da ke cikin cobalt din da ke cikin siminti carbide ya karu, karfinsa da taurinsa suna karuwa kuma taurinsa ya ragu, yana sa ya dace da injina mai tsauri; lokacin da abun ciki na cobalt ya ragu, taurinsa da juriya suna ƙaruwa, yana sa ya dace da ƙarewa.
Kayan aiki tare da kyawawan kaddarorin injunan zafin jiki sun dace musamman don yankan sauri. Kyakkyawan yanayin zafi mai zafi na kayan aikin yankan yumbu yana ba su damar yankewa a cikin babban sauri, kuma saurin yankan da aka yarda zai iya zama sau 2 zuwa 10 sama da na siminti carbide.
2. Daidaita kaddarorin jiki na kayan aikin yankan kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su
Kayan aiki tare da kaddarorin jiki daban-daban, irin su kayan aikin ƙarfe mai sauri tare da haɓakar zafin jiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin narkewa, kayan aikin yumbu tare da babban ma'aunin narkewa da ƙananan haɓakar thermal, kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u tare da haɓakar haɓakar thermal da ƙarancin haɓakar thermal, da sauransu, sun dace da su. sarrafa daban-daban workpiece kayan. Lokacin sarrafa kayan aiki tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin thermal, yakamata a yi amfani da kayan kayan aiki tare da mafi kyawun halayen thermal domin za a iya canja wurin zafi da sauri kuma ana iya rage yawan zafin jiki. Saboda girman yanayin zafinsa da diffusivity na thermal, lu'u-lu'u na iya watsar da yanke zafi cikin sauƙi ba tare da haifar da nakasar zafi mai girma ba, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman ga madaidaicin kayan aikin injin da ke buƙatar daidaito mai girma.
① The zafi juriya zafin jiki na daban-daban kayan aiki kayan: lu'u-lu'u kayan aikin ne 700 ~ 8000C, PCBN kayayyakin aiki ne 13000 ~ 15000C, yumbu kayan aikin ne 1100 ~ 12000C, TiC (N) - tushen cimented carbide ne 900 ~ 11000C, WC-tushen ultra-fine hatsi Carbide shine 800 ~ 9000C, HSS shine 600 ~ 7000C.
② Tsarin thermal conductivity na daban-daban kayan aiki kayan: PCD> PCBN> WC tushen cemented carbide>TiC (N) -based cemented carbide> HSS> Si3N4 tushen tukwane> A1203 tushen tukwane.
③ Oda na thermal fadada coefficients na daban-daban kayan aiki kayan ne: HSS>WC tushen cemented carbide>TiC(N)>A1203 tushen yumbu> PCBN> Si3N4 tushen yumbu> PCD.
④ Oda na thermal girgiza juriya na daban-daban kayan aiki kayan ne: HSS> WC tushen cemented carbide> Si3N4 tushen yumbu> PCBN> PCD> TiC (N) -based cemented carbide> A1203 tushen tukwane.
3. Daidaita kaddarorin sinadarai na kayan aikin yankan zuwa kayan aikin da aka yi
Matsalar matching da sinadaran Properties na yankan kayan aiki kayan aiki da sarrafa abubuwa yafi nufin matching da sinadaran yi sigogi kamar sinadaran alatu, sinadaran dauki, watsawa da rushe kayan aiki kayan aiki da workpiece kayan. Kayan aiki tare da kayan daban-daban sun dace da sarrafa kayan aiki daban-daban.
① A bonding zafin jiki juriya na daban-daban kayan aiki kayan (tare da karfe) ne: PCBN> yumbu> Tungsten carbide> HSS.
② A hadawan abu da iskar shaka juriya zafin jiki na daban-daban kayan aiki kayan ne: yumbu> PCBN> Tungsten carbide> lu'u-lu'u> HSS.
③ Ƙarfin watsawa na kayan aikin kayan aiki (na karfe) shine: lu'u-lu'u> Si3N4 tukwane> PCBN> A1203 na tushen tukwane. Ƙarfin watsawa (na titanium) shine: A1203 na tushen yumbu> PCBN> SiC> Si3N4> lu'u-lu'u.
4. Zaɓin madaidaicin kayan kayan aikin CNC
Gabaɗaya magana, PCBN, kayan aikin yumbu, carbide mai rufi da kayan aikin carbide na tushen TiCN sun dace da sarrafa CNC na ƙarfe na ƙarfe kamar karfe; yayin da kayan aikin PCD sun dace da kayan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe kamar Al, Mg, Cu da kayan haɗin su da sarrafa kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba. Teburin da ke ƙasa ya lissafa wasu kayan aikin aiki waɗanda kayan aikin kayan aiki na sama sun dace da sarrafawa.
Kayan aikin Xinfa CNC suna da halaye na inganci mai kyau da ƙarancin farashi. Don cikakkun bayanai, da fatan za a ziyarci:
CNC Tools Manufacturers - China CNC Tools Factory & Suppliers (xinfatools.com)
Lokacin aikawa: Nov-01-2023
